Myths and Religion Essay - 899 Words

When this word â€Å"myth† is used, the term is usually related to a fable, invention or a fiction story. Over the years, many scholars started approaching the study of myth differently. These scholars have approach myths in a way their meaning was traditionally regarded. In many traditions these myth are true stories and never refer to as false stories. ( http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/grecoromanmyth1/a/whatismyth.htm ) In many of tradition, a myth carries within it a sense of sacred tradition and primordial relation. These myths are also serving as model for chosen tradition. Myths are extremely complex cultural reality that can be approached and interpreted from various viewpoints. These viewpoints are often related to the whole of†¦show more content†¦The religious minds relate muths to the sacredness of their belief. Sometime this sacredness is towards certain object. These objects can be animals, people, localized spaces within sacredness are found in the hi story of religion to be primitive to the most highly developed. Mysterious acts. These mysterious acts can be the manifestations of a stone or tree, which are consider elementary initiation. These mysterious acts also have supreme initiation, the most notable act is found in Christianity. This supreme initiation is the incarnation of God in Jesus Christ. (http://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/world/general/ge-gues.htm). Even though a stone or a tree is, classify as an elementary imitation. Many fail to understand why people will consider a stone or a tree sacred. Many fail to understand that the veneration of the object itself is not involved. The stone or a tree is worship, because it is thought to become imbued with something sacred. This makes it no longer just a tree or a stone. When relating the power of myth to Taoism, one the greatest belief is found in the first cause of the universe. Tao is said to be the first cause of the universe. The force that produces the universe is what flow through all life. Tao is what a person needs to live harmoniously with nature. If anyone follows this religion, one must nurture the Ch’I, which is the air, and the breath that has been given to him or her. Each personShow MoreRelatedReligion and Myth1007 Words   |  5 PagesA biblical myth is defined by Burrows, (1946) as a symbolic, approximate expression of truth which the human mind cannot perceive sharply and completely, but can only glimpse vaguely, and therefore cannot adequately express. In bibilical interpretation a myth is a story which communicates a set of values or beliefs through imagery. The most important thing in the myth is the message and not the literal truth of the imagery. . 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Myths grant stability to a culture, and in this respect; serve to explain the unexplainable. From Barbra Sproul’s perspective, creation myths reveal basic religious concerns pertaining to how the universe was formed, and how people or societies are fashioned. Myths speak of the transcendent and unknowable aspects in a drama that attempt to reveal and give reason to human existenceRead MoreFoundations of Mythology870 Words   |  4 Pagesthe word myth used popularly? For example, what does the statement, â€Å"It’s a myth† mean? In contrast, how is the word myth used in the academic context? After considering the definition in your textbooks and course materials, write a definition in your own words. The statement â€Å"It’s a myth† to me means that it is not true or not fully true. There may be some truth but there is some false information added to the story. Myths- the rich rewards awaiting questioners willing to approach myths from numerousRead MoreThe Categories Of Religious Studies1124 Words   |  5 Pagesreligious studies students think of religion they think of people that are very passionate about their particular god, but most people do not understand why people act the way they do in religions. In religious studies they examine how different categories of religion help people of that religion conduct a structured way of life. There are many categories, that once are utilized, will help religious studies students obtain a deeper understanding of people in religions. The categories that will informRead MoreThe Cultural Aspects Of Culture995 Words   |  4 Pagesby the people that live in that specific location. That being said, religion can be indigenou s or non-indigenous. Indigenous religions are religions that are native to a place. Some good examples of indigenous religions are Shintoism, which is native to Japan, Christianity which, originated in Rome and Islam, which is believed to be originated in Mecca. A couple examples of non-indigenous religion are Voodoo and New Age. Religions originate when people that live close get together share their beliefRead MoreFoundations of Mythology Essay757 Words   |  4 PagesFoundations of Mythology Hum/105 June 25, 2013 Gayla Nelson Foundations of Mythology †¢ How is the word myth used popularly? For example, what does the statement, â€Å"It’s a myth† mean? In contrast, how is the word myth used in the academic context? After considering the definition in your textbooks and course materials, write a definition in your own words. The word â€Å"myth† can be used in so many ways and it can also have so many different meaning based on the contents of the word. It

Europa Europa Film Assignment Free Essays

At first in the orphanage, Solomon goes through indoctrination, and the ideas are presented to him. From there it seems that he begins to change, but gets reinforcement when the bombs begin to I fall after the candy incident. In the interaction with the German troops, he adapts by lying on who he is really is to survive, and make it through the events. We will write a custom essay sample on Europa Europa Film Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The theme of adapting ties with Judaism, because as Jews were expelled from place to place, as they moved they changed to fit into environment, and lastly survive through time. This Idea becomes visible because s Solomon moves from place to place, he changes his Identity to adapt and survive. However this Is not only a literal change of his Identity. At a point he pulls his skin on his pens In attempt to make It look Like he Is not circumcised. This Is a physical change that he tries to perform, but Is not able to do so In the end. From here It Is clear that he wants to hide out, but every time it is a change that goes with hiding his religion and the ideas that create that religious ideology. In the movie, adaptability becomes a need to survive, and in sense has relation to Judaism. Within the roots of Judaism has the sense of movement to find out that the ideas have dispersed. In the movie, the sense that he is exiled from his identity, and at times it seems that he is far out, and cannot come back. But as the plot develops, he attempts to return back to his true identity, but then to be caught within the lines of the Germans yet again. But then in the end he ends up returning to his real identity. But as he comes back, he learns that his family Is dead except for his brother, and In sense the family is dispersed away from each other. In the movie Europe Europe, there are various themes that are apparent. But the idea of adaptability to survive comes up over and over through the movie. It establishes that in the end the true identity that comes from your cultural background, ends up, at times having oneself to change for survival. Within the movie Solomon changes to survive, in hope that he may see the light in the end of tunnel. Through this ordeal, he confronts his religious beliefs and has doubts about them. But over and over through specific scenes he is reinserted that belief is still strong tit him. Through his perils he encounters various events, when these events take a turn for the worse; the belief is restored through some specific event, or him being saved from revealing his real identity. Solomon changes himself not to oppose his beliefs or even his religion, but more so to survive. From Judaism the idea of exile implies that you leave, and upon leaving you slightly alter yourself to fit In, and blend From here one can conclude that In various manners, Solomon performs an act that is identified within in his religion. Solomon survives Dye slung ten concept AT adapt TTY Tanat comes Walt n ten Idea AT exile, and is though he alters his belief, he is reinserted by his beliefs yet again that they are in reality in him. Even when he tries to pull his skin to cover his circumcision he fells the pains, and learns that the identity follows him regardless if he lives with them in the open, or if he attempts to hide them. Solomon holds the idea of adaptability to secure his life, and at the time it was one of his main concerns, and he successfully does so. How to cite Europa Europa Film Assignment, Papers

Relative Leader Member Exchanges †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Relative Leader Member Exchanges. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the assignment is to conduct critical analysis of a leader who is a role model to improve my leadership qualities and effectiveness. The assignment is divided into three stages. The first stage points out the qualities of a leader and ways she can use her leadership skills. The paper takes into account the branch manager of the logistics company I am employed as a junior manager. The first section is the observation section and discusses the leadership styles of the branch manager. It then delves into how she uses influence and power to lead her subordinates. The second stage contains the time line to describe this process of observing the manager. This is followed an interview of her to gain deeper insight of her leadership styles. The branch manager in the interview also reveals about the challenges she faces a leader and the importance of power to hold ones position in an organisation. The last stage contains self-reflection of mine about the leadership styles I would a pply when I gain promotion to a leaders position like the branch manager. It also contains a recommendation for the branch manager. The branch manager of the logistic company I work in is an employee who is often regarded as successful and effective leader. I report to her as a trainee manager and have the opportunity to interact with her on regular basis. Regular observations of her style of working and leading the branch reveals her leadership traits and behaviour. She influences her subordinates and uses Hawthorne effect to lead and motivate them. The branch manager holds a vintage of working for more than five years in the logistic company and has the experience of working in two other organisations. She currently holds the position of an assistant vice president in the logistic company and holds positive professional relationship with several other top officials. She uses her position and power to influence her subordinates (Vann, Coleman and Simpson 2014). The branch manager of the branch of the logistics company I am posted in uses influence both within and outside the organisations to secure business. She has years of experience of working in the logistics industry and knows how logistics industry works. She possess several leadership qualities like focus, confidence, integrity, passion for her profession, analytical power, decision making power, knowledge about the market and most importantly strong communication skills(Clarke 2013). She has exercised and displayed these leadership qualities of her on several occasion and has earned recognition from the apex management multiple times. Use of influence within the company: She uses her influences to make the employees including the junior work efficiently. She at first holds a meeting every morning with her subordinates to decide the productivity parameters she expects them to achieve for the day. The productivity parameters include the number of new customers each employee should meet and number of follow up appointments the employees should attend. Then she would ask her subordinates the estimated number of appointments meetings and which are likely to earn new customers who would use the logistics facility of the company. She would then analyse the business and the cash inflow these new customers can earn for the company(Epitropaki and Martin 2013). The branch manager would then ask the employees including the junior employees whether they have any difficulty in convincing any particular customer. If the employee in question happens to be a junior employee, she would ensure that a senior employee accompanies the junior employee for the appointment. If the employee happens to be a senior or if a customer is not agreeing to use the logistics facility of the company even after several appointments, she personally accompanies the employees on the next appointment. This support and concern for the employees and their performances reveals her focus and passion for business generation as a branch manager(DuBrin 2015). The branch manager has excellent communication and persuasive skills which she to influence the behaviour of her subordinate employees. She would keep on reminding the employees working under her that the apex management watches their performances and behaviour. She on regular basis make the employees realise that their high performances would bring about their own promotions, job satisfaction and career growth. She would hold personal meetings with poorly performing employees and advice them how to improve their performances(Northouse 2015). The branch manager keeps a watch over the performances of every employee working under her and congratulates high performing employees with rewards and recognition certificates. She would warn employees who show unprofessional and casual attitude towards their work. These actions of her reveal several leadership qualities. They reveal her concern for her followers and their performances. These actions of her reveal her motivation and performance analysing power. It can be said that these qualities of her have great influences on the employees at the branch(Daft 2014). Her continuous supervision encouraged employees to achieve high level of performances by acquiring new customers, maintaining healthy relationship with the existing customers. The outcome of her influence as a branch leader was that the employees succeeded in acquiring a huge client base that used the logistics facilities of the company which generated outstanding revenues for branch and the company as a whole. It is worth mentioning that some of the customers acquired and maintained under the leadership of the branch manager are multinational companies who uses the logistics facilities of the company and generates huge revenue on regular basis (Bernab-Moreno et al. 2015). Use of influence on the customers: The branch manager uses her excellent influential leadership powers to win customers from even bigger logistics companies. She first uses her tremendous communication and persuasive skills to win customers. She addresses and treats the new customers as if they were existing customers. She at first speaks to the customers, asks important questions and their business requirements to analyse their nature of logistics requirements(Tanriverdi and Uysal 2015). For example, if the customer happened to be a leading soft drink selling company, she would ask questions relating to the volume of inventory (bottles of soft drinks) they normally deliver per lot and the locations they send the inventory to. She then analyses the business needs of the customers based on their answers. She highlights before them the advantages of working with the company and the facilities, which the company can provide its customers. She would often compare between the facilities of the logistics companies to its co mpetitors to highlight the competitive advantage of the former. This aggressive influential process of acquiring clients of hers often succeeds in wining new customers for the logistics company(Dagger and Danaher 2014). I on a previous occasion interviewed her assistant and he too said that the branch manager uses her influence to win over customers to contribute to the companys clientele and business generation. The branch manager often uses her position to lead her subordinates to ensure steady generation of business and continuous inflow of revenue. The logistics company has two broad divisions, the operating offices which generate revenue and do all the back office operations and the logistics department which maintains the warehouses and logistics vehicles. The operating offices direct the logistics department to provide warehouses or logistics transport facilities to the customers and ensures the clients get superior logistics facilities. The sales staffs of the branch meet the clients at regular intervals to know about their complaints and new requirements(Pennings et al. 2014). They intimate their branch heads and the logistics department heads about the complaints and new requirements of the customers. Our branch manager keeps a strict vigil on the requirements and the complaints of the customers. She ensures that their requirements are met and the complaints are resolved, if possibl e. This aggressive use of position to ensure customer satisfaction helps the company to maintain long term business relationships with big customers and generate continue revenue by providing logistics services to them(Gupta, Gautam and Khare 2015). The branch manager as one of the vice presidents of the company uses her power to ensure that the customers of the branch get prompt logistics services at best rates. She uses her power to influence the human resource department and a few senior managers to approve absorption of four competent outsource employees into the payroll of the company. The branch uses her position to highlight the high performances of the employees at the branch before the management. This ensures that the employee get recognitions and promotion to higher posts which bring them job satisfaction and career(Treem and Leonardi 2013). This effective and supportive leadership of the branch manager motivate the subordinate employees to attain high degree of business performance. It is this influence and power of hers that has made the branch the highest revenue and business earner branch(Fleming and Spicer 2014). Our branch uses her power of a vice president in her personal life to gain advantageous deals at hotels and restaurants. She is married and her husband is a lawyer. She used her position of a vice president to gain work life balance like availing herself paid vacations. She went to exotic tourist locations and stayed at five star hotels. She used her power to get the accounts department reimburse her all the personal expenses. She on one occasion used the companys logistics trucks to shift her home by paying minimum charges(Northouse 2015). The timeline of observing, interviewing and reflecting regarding the branch managers leadership skills spans over three years before the writing started. The observation spanned over three years since I joined the organisation. The interview of her took place a month ago and continued for two hours. It revealed the complexities of leadership roles and positions. The interview and the observation laid me to think the leadership qualities she possesses that make her a good leader. Hawthorne effect: Hawthorne effect or the observer effect refers to the response of individuals when they are under observation of senior employees. The theory gets its name of the place Hawthorne where Elton Mayo, the proposer of the theory conducted researches on employees to study their responses when they are under observation of superior employees. The theory tells that when employees are subjected to supervision of senior employees and senior managers, they improve their performances to get recognitions for the improvements in their performances(McCambridge, Witton and Elbourne 2014). Hawthorne effect can be observed in all organisations like logistics organisations where employees try to attain high levels of performances to achieve promotions and appraisals, which lead to their career development. The branch manager uses Hawthorne effect to ensure high performances among her employees. She makes them realise that their performances are continuously being watched by the apex management and the senior managers(Leurent et al. 2016). This emphasis on the need to maintain continuous level of high performances makes employees eligible for promotions. I got an opportunity to interview the branch manager, Mrs.... during the Know Your Leader event. There she revealed several aspects of her leadership activities like her leadership styles and challenges she faces as a leader. The branch manager told that according to her leadership is about leading subordinates and motivating them even during tough situations. She told the responsibilities of a leader to understand the position of her subordinate and see into the fact whether the subordinates requires any guidance or mentoring or not. She revealed that she follows a combination of various leadership styles while leading her subordinates. She told that when she holds the morning meeting, she encourages her subordinates to participate in the decision making at the morning meeting. She at that time follows participative leadership style in order to ensure that all the staff members contribute towards making strategies to generate business. When she assesses our performances at the end o f the day or a month, she assumes autocratic leadership style and gives us commands. This revealed several qualities of the branch manager as a leader. Her leadership qualities consist of decision-making power, analytical power, motivational power and focus. When asked about the complexities she faces as a leader, the branch manager replied that leadership is a very complex process because it involves decision-making. She revealed that at times she has to decide to expose the poor performances of the subordinates from the cluster head or to hide those performances and get hit by the cluster head. She revealed that as a leadership she thinks it important to motivate and provide mental support to her subordinates even when they are performing badly. A leader in her position, according to her should know to when to reprimand and when to support a subordinate. The branch manager revealed that leaders have to face several challenges while execting their duties and responsibilities as leaders. She told that there are several factors in the organisations like politics, pressure from seniors and peer pressure leads to the challenges a leader faces. The told that when she started her career as an executive, she had faced challenges from her seniors who would try to demean her motivation. She however told that she has received a lot of support from her peer employees and her immediate bosses. She told that an employee in order to rise in her career should perform well and accept challenges as opportunities. The branch manager told that the employees should gain support from the superior employees and the employees at the same level of hierarchy to achieve promotion and appraisal at the initial stage. She further revealed that the employees in the later stages gain power and use it to influence their colleagues. She revealed that use of power and influence in the later stage help employees to gain promotions and other job facilities. She quipped that power and influence are also instrumental in achieving career growth and stability. They help employees to counteract the impact of the pressure created by other employees. Third stage: Self reflection and recommendations: I learnt several aspects of leadership by observing and feedback of my role model, the branch manager. I can recommend that my own leadership quality can be improved by applying her leadership styles. I have observed that the branch manager uses influence and power to conduct her duties as a branch manager successfully. I have observed that she uses her influence both within and outside the organisation. She uses her influence to make her subordinates perform well. I can opine that her influential position encouraged all the employees of my branch to work harder to generate business. She holds morning meetings to decide on the business to be generated for a day and divide it among us, the employees working under her. Upon reflecting I can point out that while leading us she combines various styles of leadership. She assigns our daily targets individually without asking for our opinion in an authoritative manner. When she asks for our feedback while forming the business generation str ategy, she encourages us to participate. Here I can point out she followed participative leadership style to lead us. I can also point out from my observation that as a leader the branch manager has excellent understanding about the needs of the customers, which she combines with her influential position to acquire customers. She treats even new customers as existing customers, which helps in optimising their decision to work to the logistics company. Upon reflecting on my leadership skills, I feel that I require improving my own leadership skills. I feel that I would combine several leadership theories and practices to better by leadership effectiveness and qualities. Leadership styles and practices to be applied by me: I would follow democratic leadership style and encourage my subordinates to participate in the decision making process. This would make them feel more responsible and encourage them to perform highly. I would also use strategic leadership style and help the upper management to communicate its expectation from subordinates more clearly. I would emphasis on creating a positive environment in the organisation so that the employees feel more motivated to perform higher. The next leadership style I would use is Hawthorne effect like the branch manager. I would make the employees working under me realise that their performances are being continuously watched by the senior managers and me. Upon evaluation of all the three leadership styles I feel that the democratic style will help me to gain participation of the all the employees in decision-making. Hence following this style will encourage the employees to express their innovative selling techniques. Upon evaluating the necessity of strat egic leadership style I can point out that this style will instrumental in bringing about positive changes in the attitudes of the employees which would ultimately transform into their high performances. Hawthorne effect as per my evaluation would keep the employees alert about the continuous supervision of the senior manager over them. It would help them to keep a track on their individual performances. Thus in my opinion combining these three styles of leadership would help me to gain their participation in business acquisition strategy making on one hand and make them achieve their own performances. This would ultimately transform into the high performance of the branch as a whole and help the branch employees to achieve promotions from the senior management. This would also help me to get promotion since high performances of my subordinates would prove my effective leadership qualities before the upper management. Recommendations: The previous discussions about the use of power by the branch manager show that she uses her power to make the accounts department pay her personal bills. It is my recommendation to the branch manager that she should not use her power to have her personal bills paid because it affects the financial resources available to the company. Conclusion: I have arrived at the conclusion that leadership qualities like focus and communication skills help the leaders in the organisation to lead their subordinates. I have also learnt that use of influence and power are inseparable components of leadership activities carried out by employees holding high positions like that of a branch manager. I have also learnt that successful leaders in their initial phases have to face lot of challenges in order to reach high position. I would like to conclude by stating that successful leaders combine various leadership styles in order to lead their followers. References: Bernab-Moreno, J., Tejeda-Lorente, A., Porcel, C., Fujita, H. and Herrera-Viedma, E., 2015. CARESOME: a system to enrich marketing customers acquisition and retention campaigns using social media information.Knowledge-Based Systems,80, pp.163-179. Clarke, S., 2013. Safety leadership: A meta?analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,86(1), pp.22-49. Daft, R.L., 2014.The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Dagger, T.S. and Danaher, P.J., 2014. Comparing the effect of store remodeling on new and existing customers.Journal of Marketing,78(3), pp.62-80. DuBrin, A.J., 2015.Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Epitropaki, O. and Martin, R., 2013. Transformationaltransactional leadership and upward influence: The role of relative leadermember exchanges (RLMX) and perceived organizational support (POS).The Leadership Quarterly,24(2), pp.299-315. Fleming, P. and Spicer, A., 2014. Power in management and organization science.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.237-298. Gupta, R.K., Gautam, J.N. and Khare, V.P., 2015. Awareness and use of social media applications among library staff of power sector organizations.Annals of Library and Information Studies (ALIS),61(4), pp.320-331. Leurent, B., Reyburn, H., Mbakilwa, H. and Schellenberg, D., 2016. Monitoring patient care through health facility exit interviews: an assessment of the Hawthorne effect in a trial of adherence to malaria treatment guidelines in Tanzania.BMC infectious diseases,16(1), p.59. McCambridge, J., Witton, J. and Elbourne, D.R., 2014. Systematic review of the Hawthorne effect: new concepts are needed to study research participation effects.Journal of clinical epidemiology,67(3), pp.267-277. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Pennings, J.M., Hickson, D.J., Hinings, C.R., Lee, C.A. and Schneck, R.E., 2014. Uncertainty and Power in Organizations. A Strategic Contingencies' Model of Sub-Unit Functioning.Mens en maatschappij,44(5), pp.418-433. Tanriverdi, H. and Uysal, V.B., 2015. When IT capabilities are not scale-free in merger and acquisition integrations: how do capital markets react to IT capability asymmetries between acquirer and target?.European Journal of Information Systems,24(2), pp.145-158. Treem, J.W. and Leonardi, P.M., 2013. Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association.Annals of the International Communication Association,36(1), pp.143-189. Vann, B.A., Coleman, A.N. and Simpson, J.A., 2014. Development of the Vannsimpco leadership survey: a delineation of hybrid leadership styles.Swiss Business School Journal of Applied Business Research,3, pp.28-38.

Status, role, primary groups, and secondary groups in social interactions between different racial and ethnic groups

Status is the ranking of groups or individual persons within a certain and specific perspective based on a given criteria. This perspective refers to the hierarchy of esteem and reputation that exists between certain groups. It therefore establishes which group or individual shall interact with which other group and how that shall be done in accordance to the respect disserved from by given group. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Status, role, primary groups, and secondary groups in social interactions between different racial and ethnic groups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, roles in a given status group can be stratified according to the given expectation of the group, for example, cooks and caregivers or can be got from experience. As a result, functions include the manner a certain group is patterned in order to perform its function for the sake of the other groups as a whole. The society is made up of various types of groups which have different racial and ethnic backgrounds and have a certain degree of cohesion due to common interests and values in life like race, religion and ethnicity. In the society there are various types of groups which are very different from each other. First we have the primary groups. This group is usually small in number and the group has members who are very personal and affectionate to each other. Members of this group have a relationship that is usually kinship- oriented for example families. The relation between this group lasts for so many years with a face-to-face communication. Secondly, we have the secondary groups; they are much larger than the primary groups and include formal and institution type of relations. This group can last as long as the members do not disband it, therefore they are not permanent as the primary group. Roles in this group can be interchanged between members and it is more tenuous and lacks the affection display ed in primary groups. There are times when the primary group may be represented in a secondary group setting for example attending college represents association to the secondary group while there are relationships that were developed in the primary groups that a person belonged to. On the other hand, there are other organizations in the secondary setting that care affectionately about the welfare of another while a family in a primary setting, individuals may be hostile towards another thus there can be variances in the groups. Hence from the above groupings of the society, different racial and ethnic groups have shown to see their own social status in a different way from the other. For example in a primary group, some ethnic groups like the Latinos and African Americans have shown to hold in high esteem the role that grandparents perform in the society and therefore they subscribe to that ideology than any other ethnic groupings like the white Americans. Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand the status in a secondary setting, classmates in college have placed less emphasis on the role of ethnicity or race. In this group, the role of the members in the classroom can be interchanged to suit one’s own liking by merit and not based on the ethnicity of the individual. In addition, the members of this group display different characters that they acquired from their own ethnic and racial primary groups and they tend to believe and act according to the norms of that group. However, they are tolerant to each other which make it possible for secondary group members to in interchange their roles without conflicts. In a primary setting, an ethnic group like African Americans subscribe to the role that a father has to a family more than white Americans who though believe in the importance of a man to a family, do not subscribe to that norm as depicted by African American families. In conclusion, it can be held that the status role and groups that an individual or society belongs to influences the type of social interaction that will occur between them and the way they view each other’s culture and way of life. This report on Status, role, primary groups, and secondary groups in social interactions between different racial and ethnic groups was written and submitted by user Kayson Johnson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Crimes of Scott Peterson Essay Example

Crimes of Scott Peterson Essay Example Crimes of Scott Peterson Essay Crimes of Scott Peterson Essay Scott Lee Peterson was born October 24, 1972 in San Diego, California to Jacqueline Helen Latham and Lee Arthur Peterson. His family was big and athletic and he was raised on strict guidelines set by his father. As a kid, Scott loved to hunt and fish and played golf in high school.He attended the University of San Diego High School and graduated from California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo (A. K. A. Cal Poly) with a B. A. in agricultural business in 1997. While attending Cal Poly, he worked as a waiter in a cafe, when he met his future wife, Laci Denise Rocha. Those who knew him described Scott as gentle and generous and very reserved when it came to expressing emotion. His father always told him to keep his feelings in check but every once in a while something would push him over the edge and he would snap.Scott Peterson would soon be under fire for the disappearance and murder of his wife Laci and unborn son Conner. OFFENSE/CRIME December 23, 2002 would be the la st time anyone other than Scott Peterson would see or hear from Laci Peterson, Scott’s 27 year old pregnant wife, when Sharon Rocha, Laci’s mother, phoned her daughter on the evening of the 23rd. Exactly what events played out later that night or early the next morning may never be known. A neighbor reported seeing the couple’s dog roaming the street with a muddy leash dragging the ground.The neighbor was in a hurry and only put the dog in the fenced backyard after seeing Laci’s car in the driveway. On Christmas Eve 2002, Scott left Laci a voicemail asking her to pick up a Christmas gift that he wasn’t able to get because he was running late after his â€Å"fishing† trip. When Scott returned home late that afternoon, he cleaned up the house, did laundry and ate. He then called his Laci’s mother, Sharon, and asked if Laci was with her. After their conversation, Sharon called the police. Later that night, Laci was reported missing by Sc ott from their Modesto, California home.At the time, she was just over 7 months pregnant with a baby boy they had planned to name Conner. The story quickly gained national attention. Initially, Scott Peterson was not considered a suspect in the case. It only became clear that he should be looked at as a suspect when inconsistencies in his statements to police were discovered as well as extramarital affairs. Peterson told Diane Sawyer of Good Morning America â€Å"his wife accepted his affair with Amber Frey, a single mom from Fresno, when he told her back in early December. (Sawyer, 2003) The extent of these extramarital affairs would unfold throughout the investigation. It is believed that Scott had at least three affairs during the time he was married to Laci. Police also found it difficult to verify his alibi at the time Laci went missing. For months, the nation followed the disappearance and later on, the murder of Laci and her unborn son Conner. This case divided the nation of people following the trial in two, as groups rallied around him or against him.The case was such a powerful topic throughout the nation that People magazine named the trial â€Å"Trial of the Year† for 2004 (AccessData ® Corp. , n. d. ). The Scott Peterson case was one of the most important, high profile cases in the nation. Lydell Wall, a detective with Stanislaus County Sheriff’s Department and winner of the Timothy Fidel award said â€Å"there was an intense pressure to ensure accuracy. Because when it came down to it this case was about more than computer data, it was about people’s lives† (AccessData ® Corp. , n. d. ).Little hard evidence existed in this case but a trial would yield much of the answers demanded from Americans following the case. On April 14, 2003, a male fetus, later identified as the unborn child Laci Peterson was carrying at the time of her disappearance, washed ashore Richmonds Point Isabel Regional Shoreline in San Francisco Bay, where Scott Peterson had been boating the day of Lacis disappearance. The following day, the badly decomposed body of a female with only partial limbs still attached and head missing washed ashore nearby.The body was confirmed to be Laci Peterson. Autopsies of the bodies were performed but due to the level of decomposition, the causes of death could not be determined. The autopsy of Laci’s body did reveal that she had several broken ribs that would not have been the result of her body being drug across the rocks in the Bay where she was discovered. The Modesto Police Department and FBI performed forensic searches of the Peterson home, Scott’s truck and tool box in the back of the truck, his warehouse, and boat.Police arrested Peterson on April 18, 2003 in the parking lot of the Torrey Pines Golf Course in La Jolla, California, a suburb of San Diego approximately 30 miles from the Mexican border, where he stated he was meeting his brother and father for a game of golf. In Peterson’s car, police found a large sum of cash, survival gear, several cell phones, his brothers ID and Viagra as well as numerous other compelling items that made Scott look like he was planning to flee to Mexico.Police say they moved forward with the arrest just hours before DNA tests confirmed the bodies identities because they feared he would flee across the border. Prosecutors presented their case against Scott Peterson. They believed Peterson murdered Laci on December 23 or 24, 2002, and dumped her body into San Francisco Bay from his boat. The defense led by Mark Geragos, argued that Laci was alive when Scott left early Christmas Eve to go fishing and when he returned, she was gone. There is, as far as the public knows, no crime scene, no murder weapon and no cause of death for Laci and the fetus† (Oakland Tribune, 2004) The only significant physical evidence prosecutors presented at Scott Petersons preliminary hearing was a 6-inch strand of dark hair on a pair of pliers police found in Scott Petersons boat. However, they had to fight for its admission. The only kind of DNA sample able to be extracted from a single strand of hair is mitochondrial and cannot be narrowed down to a single person. It is rarely used in California cases because of this.The defense attempted to have this evidence thrown out but the judge allowed the prosecution to inform the jury it is possible that the DNA from the hair could be Laci’s. In another testimony by a computer forensic investigator, just a couple weeks before Laci was reported missing, Scott Peterson had searched the Internet about Northern California bodies of water including San Francisco Bay and Modesto-area lakes, including information on the currents in the Bay. However, this information could have just been a part of a fishing website Scott visited.In the testimony of Amber Frey, the woman with whom Scott was having an affair with, she stated Scott told her he had â€Å"lost hi s wife† and that the upcoming holiday season would be his first without her. Lacis sister, Amy Rocha, testified that Scott told her and Laci’s mother he had golf plans on Christmas Eve but he went fishing instead. A detective testified Scott initially denied having an extramarital affair. All these testimonies and facts presented by the prosecution seemed to form a pattern of inconsistencies in Peterson’s statements to his family, police and the women he had affairs with.However, testimonies alone weren’t going to convict Peterson of murder. There was no crime scene, a murder weapon or cause of death. The fate of Scott Peterson would fall in the hands of a key piece of the prosecution’s theory – motive. MOTIVATIONS/OFFENDER BACKGROUND The intent to commit these heinous crimes would originate from Scott Peterson’s emails and internet searches. Lyndell Wall, Detective of High-Tech Crimes Unit, Stanislaus County Sherriff’s Departme nt, was able to restore deleted files on Scott’s computer that provided details of the area where Laci and Conners’ bodies were eventually discovered (AccessData ® Corp. , n. d. . â€Å"The realities of work, marriage and parenthood can leave some feeling trapped. Peterson consoled himself with a series of affairs. He could have left his wife and child, but that would have meant saddling himself with child support and alimony, not fully freeing himself. † (Montaldo, 2004) Peterson wanted the bachelor lifestyle. He didn’t want children and had previously told Amber Frey he was considering getting a vasectomy. Those who knew Scott would say he no doubt loved Laci and was content with his marriage until Laci became pregnant with Conner. The pregnancy sent Scott into a downward spiral of panic and feeling trapped.Scott was also feeling the pressures of the couples’ finances. It is believed that from the time Laci became pregnant, Scott had been hatch ing a plan to hopefully assure his freedom. Shortly after finding out she was pregnant, Scott took out a $250,000 life insurance policy on her. The prosecution stated Petersons affair with Amber Frey and money were the primary motives for the murders. It appeared Peterson wanted to be single again and free himself from increasing debt. He wants to live the rich, successful, freewheeling bachelor life†¦ He didnt want to be tied to this kid the rest of his life.He didnt want to be tied to Laci for the rest of his life. (Montaldo, 2004) THEORY By the time the neighbor found the couples’ dog roaming the street, prosecutors believe Peterson he had let the dog loose to make it look like Laci had somehow been abducted while walking the dog as she had done many times before. The defense argued that Laci could have been the victim of abduction as a result of the lavish jewelry she would wear or someone had taken her for the baby (Crier, 2004). Police also believed the phone call made to Laci by Scott later that morning asking her to pick up a gift was also staged.He added two X-rated channels to his cable service just days after his wifes disappearance, which to the prosecution meant Laci was not coming home. He sold Laci’s car and later looked into selling the couples house. When Scott took out a $250,000 life insurance policy on his pregnant wife just after finding out she was pregnant, no one thought anything of it. Those who knew about it thought it was just a precautionary measure in case something should happen to Laci as a result of the pregnancy. It wasn’t even a thought that crossed the minds of those who knew the couple that Scott could be hatching a plan to kill Laci and her unborn son.VICTIMS The main victims in this case are Laci, Conner, and Laci’s family. Laci Denise Peterson (Rocha) was born in Modesto, California on May 4, 1975. Her parents, Dennis and Sharon Rocha, split up when she was very young. After her parents s plit, she lived with her mother with her older brother, Brent and later, Ron Grantski, her stepfather. She lived with her mother along with, eventually, her stepfather Ron Grantski. She and her brother still spent a lot of time at her father’s dairy farm in Escalon, California. Her father remarried and they had a daughter, Amy. Laci was the girl next door.A popular, pretty cheerleader at Thomas Downey High School, she was inspired by her father’s love for agriculture and farming. She would later attend Cal Poly where she met Scott and graduate with a degree in ornamental horticulture. She had plans to open her own flower shop but was never able to do that. Laci and her mother were very close. It’s no surprise that Sharon was the last person in her immediate family that would speak to Laci, with the exception of her husband. Sharon couldn’t have been happier about Laci’s pregnancy. She, Laci and her sister Amy spent many days shopping for the new ad dition to their family.COSTS OF CRIME The prosecution of Scott Peterson cost Stanislaus County taxpayers $4. 13 million. These costs included $1. 55 million of the police investigation, $1. 37 million for the prosecutors and their staff, $742,000 for court costs and $182,000 for San Mateo County where the trial was held (Montaldo, 2005). In addition to the costs accumulated by the trial process, the families involved in the case also incurred costs from the crimes, such as the funeral of Laci and Conner. The defense expenses are not included in this number because Peterson retained a private attorney.Because the prosecution was seeking the death penalty, the case took more time from local police because of the additional investigation required. Now, as Peterson sits on death row, the cost of his imprisonment adds to the total cost. PROSECUTION/SENTENCING The trial of Scott Peterson lasted from June 2004 through March 2005 and ended in guilty verdict and the death penalty for the fir st-degree murder with special circumstances of Laci and second-degree murder of their unborn son. The conviction came on November 12, 2004 by a reconstituted jury after several replacements were made in the previous months.The penalty phase began on November 30 and ended on December 13 when the twelve-person jury recommended a death sentence for Peterson and a prescribed method of execution by lethal injection. Judge Alfred A. Delucchi sentenced Peterson to death on March 16, 2005. The request made by the defense for a new trial due to jury misconduct and media influence was denied and Peterson was ordered to pay $10,000 toward the costs of Laci’s funeral. After having been on death row for eight years, Petersons lawyer, Cliff Gardner, filed a 423-page appeal on July 16, 2012 of his sentence.CONCLUSIONMany books and publications have resulted from this trial including one’s written by Laci’s mother, Sharon Rocha, Anne Bird, Scott’s sister, and Amber Frey, Scott’s lover. Sharon’s book details Laci’s life and death and the trial, Anne’s book details 33 reasons why she believes Scott is guilty, and Amber’s book – the most controversial of all – details her account of the trial as a witness. In addition, the Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004, also known as Laci and Conner’s Law now protects a fetus from the moment of conception from any harm by recognizing a child in utero as a legal victim. R

Charles Perkins Freedom Rides

Perkins was born in Alice Springs in 1936. His early education was at school in Adelaide. A skilled soccer player, Perkins played professional soccer in England from 1957 to 1960. Having turned down an offer to try out for Manchester United, he returned to Australia to coach a local Adelaide team. Here he became vice president of the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines. Perkins moved to Sydney in 1962 and in 1963 became captain and coach of the Pan Hellenic Club. to redress it. The tour was also a response to the criticism that Australians were quick to champion the work of Martin Luther King and the United States civil rights movement but slow to do anything to redress racism in Australia. In the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, African Americans led a program of protest and civil disobedience against racist policies that denied people their civil rights. In Australia, the activists of the Freedom Ride were concerned with: †¢ Aborigines’ appalling living and health conditions †¢ Aborigines being forced to live on reserves outside country towns †¢ local authorities denying Aborigines access to facilities like hotels, clubs and swimming pools †¢ the fact that Aborigines were not counted as citizens in their own land. The ? rst step in each town was to survey both indigenous and non-indigenous people to ? nd out about the living, education and health conditions of local Aborigines. If there was an issue of blatant discrimination, the Freedom Riders took action to publicise and hopefully overturn it. Perkins admired the efforts of the US civil rights activist Martin Luther King, and he encouraged SAFA members to read King’s ‘letter from Birmingham Gaol’. Source 10. 1. 1 Source 10. 1. 2 A young Charles Perkins receives a trophy as captain–coach of Adelaide Croatia football club, 1961. In 1963 he also began studies at Sydney University, where he was a founding member of Student Action for Aborigines (SAFA), later becoming president. On 12 February 1965, he and fellow student Jim Spigelman led about 28 others on a 14-day, 3200-kilometre bus tour of rural New South Wales that became known as the Freedom Ride. THE 1965 FREEDOM RIDE The tour targeted towns like Walgett, Moree and Kempsey, which had the reputation of being racist towards their Aboriginal inhabitants, and included some like Lismore that were supposed to have better records. The aim was to raise awareness of discrimination against Aboriginal people and to try Photograph showing the Freedom Riders with the bus that took them on their month-long campaign 44 RETROactive 2 CIVICS AND CITIZENSHIP FOCUS Perkins was particularly interested in King’s emphasis on ‘non-violent direct action’ and establishing ‘creative tension’ by dramatically highlighting examples of discrimination so that people could not continue to ignore them. Whereas the 1961 Freedom Rides in the United States had speci? cally focused on the desegregation of interstate transport, in Australia the focus was on the desegregation of leisure facilities in country towns and information-gathering on race relations in rural New South Wales. The ? st two stops were at Wellington and Gullargambone, where the Aboriginal people surveyed spoke of their need for housing and access to fresh water on the reserves. Racial discrimination was a major problem and not one that th e local indigenous people felt they could work with SAFA to ? ght. The bus moved on to Walgett. who had been murdered on a country road while campaigning in Alabama. They saw four or ? ve cars surrounding them and were relieved to ? nd that these were driven by local Aborigines who had come out to offer protection. The other trucks and cars disappeared. A journalist itnessed the incident and it became headline news in the Sydney Morning Herald, the Daily Mirror and the Australian. Mirror reporter Gerald Stone and his editor Zell Rabin highlighted the parallels between the racist attitudes and behaviour they observed from their work as journalists in the United States and the racist attitudes and behaviour in New South Wales. Moree The bus moved on to Moree and a new issue of discrimination — a 1955 council by-law prohibiting Aborigines and those with ‘a mixture of Aboriginal Walgett blood’ from using (except during school hours) the local artesian baths and swimming pool. Other In Walgett, the local RSL club refused entry to examples of racism in the town included the refusal Aborigines, including Aboriginal ex-servicemen who to allow Aboriginal patients to share hospital facilhad participated in World Wars I and II. They were ities with white patients and the insistence that occasionally allowed entry on Anzac Day. Perkins they be buried in a part of the local cemetery that led the Freedom Riders in forming a picket line was separate from the section for white people. outside the club (see source 10. 1. 3). They held up SAFA’s protest began with a demonstration outposters proclaiming ‘Aborigines also fought’, ‘Bullets side the council building. They then got families’ did not discriminate’ and ‘Good enough for Tobruk, permission to take eight children and try to gain why not Walgett RSL? ’ Perkins addressed the crowd entry to the pool. Charles Perkins got more children of onlookers to try and convince the RSL committee from the reserve. The manager refused to sell them members to change their policy. Members of the entry coupons, saying ‘darkies not allowed in’. A local Aboriginal community joined in. arge crowd gathered and after an hour the manThe Anglican minister evicted the students from ager, four police and the local mayor came up with their lodgings in the church hall because of people’s another answer: Aboriginal children were allowed hostility to their actions. A line of cars and trucks in as long as they were ‘clean’. The children went followed the bus out of Walgett. One of the trucks forced the bus off the road. The scene reminded the swimming and the Freedom Riders left Moree students of the three American student activists thinking that the ban had been overturned. The mayor and the pool anager re-imposed the ban. Three days later, about six children from the Source 10. 1. 3 Moree Reserve joined the Freedom Riders in another attempt to break the ban. They tried without success for over three hours. A crowd of about 500 angry locals, including a group from the pub across the road, shouted abuse, spat at them and threw tomatoes and rotten eggs at them and the bus. Perkins later said he feared for his life during this incident. The confrontation received huge press coverage and also television coverage from a BBC crew and a team from Channel Seven’s investigative program Seven Days. Many journalists made comparisons between the racist attitudes shown in Moree and those evident towards African Americans in A photograph of the picket line formed by the Freedom Riders outside the United States. Walgett RSL club in 1965 245 CHAPTER 10: PEOPLE POWER Finally, the police escorted the Freedom Riders out of Moree. The bus continued on to Lismore, Bowraville and Kempsey before returning to Sydney. Source 10. 1. 4 An extract from Gerald Stone’s newspaper account of the Freedom Riders’ experiences in Moree MOREE, Saturday. Mob violence exploded here today as student freedom riders were attacked by a crowd crazed with race hate. White women spat on girl students and screamed ? lthy words as the students tried to win Aboriginal children admission to the town baths. Several people were arrested and the town’s mayor, Alderman William Lloyd, pitched into the battle, grabbing students by the scruff of their necks and hurling them out of the way. Throughout the ? ghting a barrage of eggs and rotten fruit rained on the students. Mr Jim Spigelman, a 19-year-old student from Maroubra, was smacked to the ground while the 500-strong crowd roared its approval. Sunday Mirror, 21 February 1965. Lyall Munro, one of the Aboriginal children who swam in the Moree pool as part of the Freedom Ride protest, was later inspired by these events to become an activist himself. In March 2004, he was a spokesperson for the Aboriginal community at Redfern following the death of teenager T. J. Hickey. He spoke out against the overpolicing and police mistreatment of Aboriginal youth in the Redfern area. Source 10. 1. 6 Source 10. 1. 5 A photograph showing Charles Perkins being led away from the Moree pool in February 1965 after locals confronted the student demonstrators and violence broke out ONGOING EFFORTS The Freedom Riders had an impact on the local Aboriginal communities they met during the trip, and they did not want to abandon them when they returned to Sydney. In August 1965, SAFA campaigned with the Walgett branch of the Aborigines Progressive Association (APA) to end segregation at the Luxury Theatre and the Oasis Hotel. The APA continued and eventually won a long struggle to achieve this. Students kept up the visits to country towns, going to Bega, Dareton, Bowraville and Coonamble, where they publicised many instances of racism and pressured communities and authorities to change their ways. Photograph of Charles Perkins and local children in the Moree pool, 1965. Perkins’s simple act of swimming in the pool was a stand against racial discrimination. 246 RETROactive 2 CIVICS AND CITIZENSHIP FOCUS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHARLES PERKINS AND THE FREEDOM RIDE The Freedom Ride occurred at a time when Australians were beginning to see the injustice of obvious examples of racism like those evident in the segregation of facilities in many country towns. It generated discussion and debate throughout Australia about the plight of indigenous communities, and media coverage stimulated national and international pressure for reform. Through the Freedom Ride, Charles Perkins became a national ? gure and a role model for Aboriginal people throughout Australia. His Freedom Ride showed Aboriginal Australians that non-violent action could result in change. His organisation of protests and public debate demonstrated both his leadership skills and his willingness to take action to demand change — characteristics that continued throughout his life. The Freedom Ride became part of the campaign movement that resulted in the 1967 referendum (see page 190) giving citizenship to Aboriginal people — a result supported by 89 per cent of voters. The two events and Australia’s economic prosperity at the time stimulated expectations that governments would intervene to address problems of inequality. This process began in 1972 when the Whitlam government took of? ce (see page 272). In the late 1960s, student activism focused more on protest against Australia’s involvement in war in Vietnam. Charles Perkins continued throughout his life to campaign for Aboriginal rights. He protested against the reluctance of authorities to allow self-determination for Aboriginal Australians and against government failure to effectively address the inequalities in Aboriginal Australians’ access to education, health, housing, employment and the law. Charles Perkins died of kidney failure on 18 October 2000. He was granted a state funeral — an honour usually given only to those who have held signi? ant government of? ce. ABC television broadcast the funeral, and traf? c in George Street Sydney came to a temporary standstill as a crowd gathered outside Sydney Town Hall to watch on a large screen the funeral service taking place inside. Check your understanding 1. Write a paragraph of 10 to 15 lines to summarise the Freedom Ride. Use the ‘W’ questions (what, when, where, who, how and why) to guide the selection of your information. 2. What impact did the Freedom Ride have on different groups at the time? 3. What were the results of the Freedom Ride? Using sources 1. In what ways do source 10. 1. 1 and the description of his early sporting career indicate that Charles Perkins might have had special qualities? 2. Use source 10. 1. 2 to describe the participants in the Freedom Ride. 3. What message were the protesters in source 10. 1. 3 trying to convey through their placards outside Walgett RSL Club? 4. What does source 10. 1. 4 indicate about how people in Moree responded to SAFA’s campaign? 5. What captions could you create for source 10. 1. 5 to express: (a) its signi? cance to Charles Perkins (b) the attitudes of the pool’s manager? . What stage of the Freedom Ride protest at Moree does the photo in source 10. 1. 6 seem to be showing? What aspect of the protest does the photo not reveal? 7. Describe the scene in source 10. 1. 7, commenting on the diversity of faces among the mourners, the signi? cance of the occasion and what it indicates about public feeling and respect for Charles Perkins’s life and achievements. Researching and communicating 1. Use the Internet to review some of the obituaries written at the time of Charles Perkins’s death. Select from them what seem to be the most signi? ant features of his life and work. Use these as the basis of a brief biography of Perkins suitable for publication in a dictionary of biography. 2. What would you have done? Imagine yourself in 1965 as either a Sydney University student or a resident of one of the country towns that the Freedom bus visited. How would you have responded to SAFA and the Freedom Ride? Give reasons for your answer.

Serenity in My Bedroom at Past Midnight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Serenity in My Bedroom at Past Midnight - Essay Example I selected Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. I longed to travel to another culture, time, and place. I wanted to know about Afghan beliefs and practices, as well as their food, music, literature, and clothing. Mom prepared my favorite chicken sandwich with generous chicken breast strips and low-fat mayonnaise. She always puts diced onions, several slices of pickled cucumber, and tomatoes and used toasted wheat bread. I sat on my comfortable reading chair with sufficient light for my reading session. I took a moderate bite size of my sandwich and tasted the spicy, salty, sour mixture of the mayonnaise, pickled cucumber, onions, and pepper. The chicken tasted moist and fresh, as well as the tomatoes and crisp tomato. The cold wind rushed in spurts from my window. I sipped hot green tea for every bite of my oven-baked sandwich. The warmth of my green tea relaxed me further. The feel and smell of a good book refreshed my spirit. I prepared to embark on a long and wonderful journe y to a faraway place. â€Å"Some Good Things are Too Good to be True† But sometimes, good things come to an abrupt end, which began when I forgot to lock my door. My eight-year old cousin visited us this afternoon. Or rather, his parents left him overnight. They wanted some precious â€Å"us† time, and now I understand why. ... His shirt reminded me of a tire that ran on mud with stones and twigs sticking out. My mind somehow disconnected from my physical body, as it felt the horror of a good night saying goodbye. I saw my reading self as an image breaking into pieces, and I heard the clattering of the pieces on tiled floors. Then, I went back to the real world. I heard him whining about our outdated PlayStation and asked when we would purchase a suitable Xbox for his recreation purposes. And I smelled something else that did not register immediately in my nostrils. He had some green puke matter on his collar. I sensed his sticky hand on my arm, while he said that I was not listening to him. I felt sick to my stomach, and soon my sandwich tasted like iron. Heat rose to my neck. I must have turned into an eggplant by then. My perfect night laid in ruins, as I listened to him chatter about his computer games. Rhetorical Analysis I created these two different impressions of the same time and place through usin g the tools of description, narration, and example and illustration. Narration refers to telling about events and characters. I used narration to describe myself as a character in my own story and to narrate the events of my story. The first paragraph showed that I enjoyed classical music and set aside time for recreational reading: â€Å"I played Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s Piano Sonata No.16 In C Major to set the mood for my planned late night reading last Friday.† This paragraph also included my mother, who prepared an amazing chicken sandwich, one of my favorite comfort foods ever. Her preparation of my food and drinks indicated that she supported my reading sessions and that she was thoughtful and sweet. For

FAMILY LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

FAMILY LAW - Essay Example Under the MCA, a lump sum order can be made to enable the payee to comply with pre-existing liabilities and expenses already incurred such as the outstanding mortgage payments in the current scenario; or alternatively it could be used to enable a spouse to take training as Ann has indicated. In such cases, an order can only be made if Timothy has the appropriate capital5. Section 25A requires courts to consider the desirability of promoting cessation of financial obligations between the parties. In ancillary relief applications, there is a mandatory judicial obligation to consider a clean break or impose a time limit on financial obligations. However, as highlighted in SRJ v DWJ,6there is no judicial presumption towards a clean break. It is further evident from the decision in Miller and Mcfarlane7, that the courts favour wives of wealthier spouses in divorce, which places Ann at an advantage8. Nevertheless, the overriding sentiment of the MCA is to encourage spouses to become independent and the courts will follow the section 25 guidelines9. With regard to the judicial approach to Ann’s demands for maintenance, in Wachtel v Wachtel10, the courts adopted a one third formula as a starting point. Moreover, as a result of the decision in White v White11the House of Lords determined a benchmark approach of equal division in surplus asset cases12. With regard to the property and maintenance, the house is jointly owned and Ann and Timothy’s children are adults and have moved away. Accordingly, the appropriate approach as highlighted in Piglowska v Piglowska13 is to consider the specific criteria in section 25(2) of the MCA, which creates no priority. Section 25(2)(a) and (b) are relevant and therefore the present and future income and other financial resources of both parties, including any increase in capacity that is reasonable to expect a party to take

Anastasia Romanov a Mystery Essay Example for Free

Anastasia Romanov a Mystery Essay Anastasia Romanov Anastasia was born on June 18, 1901 to Tasar Nicholas II of Russia and his wife Alexandra Fyodorvna (Evans 2009). She was the youngest the five children the couple had. Anastasia had three sisters and one brother: Grand Duchess Tatiana, Grand Duchess Maria, Grand Duchess Olga, and Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia. She was very close to her dad, grandmother, and cousin, Princess Xenia She was stubborn and hated school. She would climb trees and stay in them to avoid school until her dad came and ordered her to get down. Her playmates name was Tatiana Botkin (King). At age 16 she stared to smoke secretly because of stress and tense. Sometimes her sister Olga would Join her (Anastasia). Anastasia was short, had blue eyes, and brown hair which was sometimes said to be blond with a reddish tint (see fg. 1). Fig. 1. This is a picture of Anastasia Romanov when she was younger (Anastasia). During World War I the royal family were kept hostage. On July 17, 1918 the Bolshevik secret police murdered the Romanov family. They had burt through the doors and started to fire their guns immediately. The bullets had ricocheted off Anastasia ecause she had diamonds sewed into her clothing (King); she did this so she could carry them palace to palace. There were two bodies that were not found, Anastasias and her brothers, Alexei (Frazpatrick 2005). Women would pretend to be Anastasia. The most famous was Anna Anderson. She had captured the imagination of America and Europe. Other imposters pretended to be other members of the Romanov family but no one could grab the imagination like Anna had. They also had proof that the other member had died because their bodies were found. The reason Anna could rab the imagination of America and Europe was because she was the same age, height, weight and also had the same hair and eyes as Anastasia. Anna even had the same deformed foot Just like Anastasia had. Anna had Jumped Offa bridged to commit suicide but was taken to the hospital. She had claimed to be Anastasia and had the story of how she escaped from the soldiers and where she has been hiding. She was hiding because she was scared that if someone noticed her than she would be shot and killed (King). Anastasias playmate and cousin had both spoken to Anna and thought that it was actually Anastasia but later changed their minds (King). Other family members on Anastasia had asked Anna questions and some believed others did not believe her. For the people that did not believe that Anna was Anastasia they came up with their own ideas of what happened to the real Anastasia. Some people thought that the soldiers took pity on her and let her get away. Others had thought that the Bolshevik police had burned her body so that there were no remains left (Anastasia). threw her body down a mineshaft and set of grenades. She could have gone to her randmothers house to hide from the police because Anastasia was very close to her grandmother. In 1979 a body of a girl was found by a Soviet architect. In those times there was no way to prove that the body was Anastasias. In 1979 the body was buried a second time but was believed to have been Anastasias. In the mass grave there were suppose to be eleven bodies but there were only nine ever found. The nine bodies were Tasar Nicholas, Alexandra Fyodorvna, Grand Duchess Tatiana, Grand Duchess Maria, and Grand Duchess Olga. However, architects found two additional bodies, round the area that they had found Anastasias, in 2007 (Young). At this time there were more scientific tools such as DNA testing. Alexei was identified by DNA testing; they used the skull of Maria to identify Alexei. Alexei skull was used to prove Anastasia died in 1918 with the rest of her family. This mystery has been playing with peoples minds ever since the death of the Romanov family. There are people sill today that believe the DNA testing was incorrect. Others think that scientist made up the data so they can say that they solved the mystery.

Lyme Disease Lyme Arthritis :: Health Medicine

Lyme Disease Lyme Arthritis Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted inflammatory disorder characterized by an early focal skin lesion, and subsequently a growing red area on the skin (erythema chronicum migrans or ECM). The disorder may be followed weeks later by neurological, heart or joint abnormalities. Symptomatology The first symptom of Lyme disease is a skin lesion. Known as erythema chronicum migrans, or ECM, this usually begins as a red discoloration (macule) or as an elevated round spot (papule). The skin lesion usually appears on an extremity or on the trunk, especially the thigh, buttock or the under arm. This spot expands, often with central clearing, to a diameter as large as 50 cm (c. 12 in.). Approximately 25% of patients with Lyme disease report having been bitten at that site by a tiny tick 3 to 32 days before onset of ECM. The lesion may be warm to touch. Soon after onset nearly half the patients develop multiple smaller lesions without hardened centers. ECM generally lasts for a few weeks. Other types of lesions may subsequently appear during resolution. Former skin lesions may reappear faintly, sometimes before recurrent attacks of arthritis. Lesions of the mucous membranes do not occur in Lyme disease. The most common symptoms accompanying ECM, or preceding it by a few days, may include malaise, fatigue, chills, fever, headache and stiff neck. Less commonly, backache, muscle aches (myalgias), nausea, vomiting, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, and an enlarged spleen may also be present. Most symptoms are characteristically intermittent and changing, but malaise and fatigue may linger for weeks. Arthritis is present in about half of the patients with ECM, occurring within weeks to months following onset and lasting as long as 2 years. Early in the illness, migratory inflammation of many joints (polyarthritis) without joint swelling may occur. Later, longer attacks of swelling and pain in several large joints, especially the knees, typically recur for several years. The knees commonly are much more swollen than painful; they are often hot, but rarely red. Baker's cysts (a cyst in the knee) may form and rupture. Those symptoms accompanying ECM, especially malaise, fatigue and low- grade fever, may also precede or accompany recurrent attacks of arthritis. About 10% of patients develop chronic knee involvement (i.e. unremittent for 6 months or longer). Neurological abnormalities may develop in about 15% of patients with

Mohandas K. Gandhi: The Story of My Experiments with Truth Essay

â€Å"Truth is like a vast tree, which yields more and more fruit, the more you nurture it. The deeper the search in the mine of truth the richer the discovery of gems buried there, in the shape of openings for an ever greater variety of service† (Gandhi 191). Mohandas K. Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, and ever since that day has dedicated his life to the search for truth. During this quest, he became a leader of the Indian Nationalist Movement against British rule and to this day remains a highly influential figure in political activism and social progress. In his autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Gandhi shares stories of his triumphs and falls while trying to free India from British rule, all the while trying to stay true to his vows to his mother and to himself. The point that shows through brightly in Gandhi’s autobiography is that his values and morals about life coincide with his political philosophy. Gandhi’s main view on business and politics is the strictness to truth. He explains this well when he states: Business, they say, is a very practical affair, and truth a matter of religion; and they argue that practical affairs are one thing, while religion is quite another. Pure truth, they hold, is out of the question in business, one can speak it only so far as is suitable. I strongly contested the position in my speech and awakened the merchants to a sense of their duty, which was two-fold. Their responsibility to be truthful was all the greater in a foreign land, because the conduct of a few Indians was the measure of that of the millions of their fellow-countrymen† (109). Gandhi’s devotion to truth begins as far back as his high school days. During a spelling examination Gandhi has trouble spelling the word â€Å"kettle†. Seeing this the teacher tries to prompt Gandhi with the point of his boot to copy his neighbors answer, with which Gandhi does not respond cooperatively and was the only one in the class to misspell the word. He explains, â€Å"I never could learn the art of ‘copying’†(4). His devotion to truth only is strengthened as he matures eventually he states that he is a, â€Å"Worshiper of Truth†(6) and that, â€Å"The passion for truth was innate in me†(9). Gandhi shows an admiration for truth that runs deep in his blood. Most likely he obtained this ideology from the devotion his mother held within her. He explains of the impact of his mother while stating, â€Å"The outstanding impression my mother has left on my memory is that of saintliness. She was deeply religious. She would not think of taking her meals without her daily prayers†(2). Clearly Gandhi received his committed, religious mindset from his mother; the exception was that Gandhi’s religion was his search for ultimate truth. To begin his odyssey Gandhi travels to London for training to become a barrister. The profession of barrister comes with the reputation of being filled with lies and trickery, which one might say disputes the purpose of Gandhi’s existence. However, Gandhi does not believe this is so explaining, â€Å"As a student I had heard that the lawyer’s profession was a liar’s profession. But this did not influence me, as I had no intention of earning either position or money by lying†(324). Gandhi’s pure heart could not be tainted by even the most corrupted of professions. After school he returned to India in 1891 and in 1893 accepted a job at an Indian law firm in Durban, South Africa. Gandhi was appalled by the treatment of Indian immigrants there, and joined the struggle to obtain basic rights for them. Gandhi’s determination to honesty and truth combined with his uprising political stance granted him great respect in the political community. He realizes this when he states, â€Å"I also saw that my devotion to truth enhanced my reputation amongst the members of the profession, and in spite of the handicap of colour I was able in some cases to win even their affection†(328). Not only is he gaining enough prestige to win the cases he is doing it despite the nonwhite color of his skin. The honor he earns in and out of the court room allows him to put up a valiant effort in his fight for Indian rights. His values in his political war are synonymous with the strict values he holds in his real life. One of the main aspects of his life is religion. To prove this he states, â€Å"It is that faith which sustains me†(335). Faith and religion holds a deep place in his heart and coincides with how he feels politics should be handled. He states, â€Å"I can say without the slightest hesitation, and yet in all humility, that those who say that religion has nothing to do with politics do not know what religion means†(454). For instance, when Gandhi goes to experience the Bengal religion he is deeply troubled by the tradition of sacrificing a lamb and explains â€Å"To my mind the life of a lamb is no less precious that that of a human being. I hold that, the more helpless a creature, the more entitle it is to protection by man from the cruelty of man†(208). In Gandhi’s eyes it is not moral to kill any life including one that is less powerful than a human being. This religious view that he holds translates to how he deals with issues in society. Such as the terrible Zulu rebellion, a rebellion in South Africa against British rule. Hearing of the rebellion Gandhi did not fight back or fight with the South Africans he simply set up an Ambulance Corps and helped the South African victims. Through out all of his life Gandhi never once harmed anyone to get his political point across, for that was not in his religion to do so. Just as religion affected the way he viewed politics, so did his diet. For a majority of his life Gandhi has been a vegetarian, which was all started by a vow that he promised to his mother in his young adult life. The main value that his strict diet has taught him is self restraint in the rest of his life. He mentions this saying, â€Å"One should eat not in order to please the palate, but just to keep the body going†(287). When Gandhi gives up the pleasure one gets from eating he leaves it simply to the biological need of the task. He explains the difference between his life and of others when he states â€Å"The diet of a man of self-restraint must be different from that of a man of pleasure, just as their ways of life must be different† (292). He uses his value of self restraint to his political advantage when he makes his stance simply by being controlled and not reacting to the situation. For example, while him and some of his followers are retrieving water from the well they are faced with great abuse and are told that they would pollute the water. To combat this, Gandhi uses great self restraint and simply tells everyone, â€Å"put up with the abuse and continue drawing water at any cost†, this works beautifully, later â€Å"when he saw that we did not return his abuse, the man became ashamed and ceased to bother us†(356). Gandhi’s use of self restraint and self control give him up the upper hand in any political fight and like this one, always almost end up in a victory for him in the end. Both his self restraint and non violence values come in to play in Gandhi’s main political weapon, civil disobedience. Civil Disobedience involves making a stand and taking action against a social injustice, however, using complete peace and never once resorting to violence. Gandhi explains it best when he says, â€Å"A nation that wants to come into its own ought to know all the ways and means to freedom. Usually they include violence as the last remedy,[civil disobedience], on the other hand, is an absolutely non-violent weapon. † (339). An instance where this strategy is used is while the government is trying to force its Indian citizens to pay an unnecessary tax on their crops with no exceptions, even in a famine. Gandhi forms a pledge to be signed by all the affected citizens that simply states that they will not pay the taxes anymore. No violence is used and no emotional or physical pain comes in to play. While Gandhi does not share the consequences of the pledge in his autobiography the reader realizes the courage it takes to stand up to authority calmly and not defensively. A more famous example where there was a beautiful demonstration of civil disobedience is the salt march that Gandhi led his followers on. When the citizens were being taxed excessively on salt, Gandhi leads them on a march to the sea to make their own salt in protest to the government’s taxes. Gandhi explains the powerful affect this has on the people when he states, â€Å"The people had for the moment lost all fear of punishment and yielded obedience to the power of love which their new friend exercised†(367). Civil disobedience not only works magically to solve social problems it does it without causing harm to either party involved and causes a strong community atmosphere to develop, which works faster to solve difficult political issues. Civil disobedience is a contribution to today’s society that will never be forgotten and never taken for granted. Gandhi will forever leave an impact in every person’s heart. He used his extraordinary values and morals to free the Indian citizens from harsh British rule. His politics never deterred from what he held deep in his heart. He answered the tough questions such as, ‘What if everything is pointing me to do something I do not believe in? ’ and ‘Where do you step aside from your values for the betterment of your community? ’. His answer to these questions are always follow your heart and follow what you believe is true. Gandhi dealt with extreme turmoil and through out every obstacle never stopped on his quest for the truth. While not every step there was smooth, it was a determined path none the less. When Gandhi explains the symbol of a Court of Justice he states that it â€Å"is a pair of scales held evenly by an impartial and blind but sagacious woman. Fate has purposely made her blind, in order that she may not judge a person from his exterior but from his intrinsic worth†(127). This is comparable to Gandhi’s view on life and politics. He does not judge the people around him, he takes the situation for what it is, truly, and does what he believes in his heart is right. While Gandhi has had an incredible impact in politics forever his real lessons begin in finding ourselves, and the truth within ourselves.

Culture and Anthropology

Evidently culture is difficult to be defined from a single definition. E. B. Tylor, in 1871 described culture as â€Å"that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society† this explanation however, is just a wide collection of different categories that all combined together give rise to the term. A much more accurate term of culture is the one suggested by Ralph Linton, as â€Å"the configuration of learned behavior and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society†. In this term we observe an obvious behaviorist approach which connects culture with the concept of learned behavior and more precisely with the importance of language. Finally Victor Barnouw, based on the previous behaviorist definition, names culture as â€Å"the way of life of a group of people, the configuration of all of the more or less stereotyped patterns of learned behavior which are handed down from one generation to the next through the means of language and imitation† (Victor Barnouw, 1963). Throughout investigating various definitions of culture we accomplished a correlation between learning (mostly through language) and enculturation. Enculturation is a lifelong unconscious process and each child learns the language of its community by imitation, instruction, and from the verbal behavior of others. The capacity of human beings to enlarge and transmit complex cultural patterns is dependent upon language. Then the idea of learning a language is equivalent with the idea of learning a culture. In most of the cases, no individual is aware of all the elements that create his culture but by the time he is grown, he has most probably learned the universal beliefs shared by the members of his community. Cultures vary from the importance they put on formal education as opposed to informal learning. Formal education is present in complex societies with the form of teaching institutes; nevertheless informal education is present within the family and peer group that have equally important role in enculturation. In addition to the importance of language, many societies give great significance even in the vocabulary used by very young children. Charles Ferguson has made a comparative study of infant talk in various societies and the results were fascinating similarities in phonology and morphology as well as the repetition of syllables (â€Å"bye-bye†, â€Å"pee-pee†). The most important reason why anthropologists should study young children’s speech is because it indicates a great deal about the child’s world, as well as its cultural perspective (Philip K. Bock, 1974). From the wide-ranging area of culture to the much more defined function of language, the sphere of research around the study of a particular group of people within the same boarder lines of a city is easier understood if the researcher (anthropologist) concentrates the interest of his attention, around a variety of traits with a common base the formal teaching or the informal learning from the inner community, always through the usage of language as an unconscious procedure. When you live in city like Athens and in general into a comparatively small country like Greece, an idea of universality is created in the individual. This might be the result of the modern-informational ages we are living or the outcomes of globalization that puts pressure on the individual to think always â€Å"big† and fast and not to stop in small details or differences. But in the end, those small differences compose our everyday lives and our everyday morality and finally time is needed to reveal those differences that the most of us wrongly take for granted.

The Borgia Codex, Precolombian Treasure

The Borgia Codex, Precolombian Treasure The Borgia Codex: The Borgia Codex is an ancient book, created in Mexico in the age before the arrival of the Spanish. It consists of 39 double-sided pages, each of which contains pictures and drawings. It was most likely used by native priests to predict cycles of time and fate. The Borgia Codex is considered one of the most important surviving pre-Hispanic documents, both historically and artistically. The Creators of the Codex: The Borgia Codex was created by one of many pre-Hispanic cultures of Central Mexico, likely in the region of southern Puebla or northeastern Oaxaca. These cultures would eventually become vassal states of what we know as the Aztec Empire. Like the Maya far to the south, they had a writing system based on images: an image would represent a longer history, which was known to the reader, generally a member of the priest class. History of the Borgia Codex: The codex was created sometime between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. Although the codex is partly a calendar, it contains no exact date of creation. The first known documentation of it is in Italy: how it arrived there from Mexico is unknown. It was acquired by Cardinal Stefano Borgia (1731-1804) who left it, along with many other possessions, to the church. The codex bears his name to this day. The original is currently in the Vatican Library in Rome. Characteristics of the Codex: The Borgia Codex, like many other Mesoamerican codices, is not actually a â€Å"book† as we know it, where pages are flipped as they are read. Rather, it is one long piece folded up accordion-style. When completely opened, the Borgia Codex is about 10.34 meters long (34 feet). It is folded into 39 sections which are roughly square (27x26.5cm or 10.6 inches square). All of the sections are painted on both sides, with the exception of the two end pages: there are therefore a total of 76 separate â€Å"pages.† The codex is painted onto a deer skin that was carefully tanned and prepared, then covered with a thin layer of stucco which better holds the paint. The codex is in pretty good shape: only the first and lest section have any major damage. Studies of the Borgia Codex: The content of the codex was a baffling mystery for many years. Serious study began in the late 1700’s, but it wasn’t until the exhaustive work of Eduard Seler in the early 1900’s that any real progress was made. Many others have since contributed to our limited knowledge of the meaning behind the vivid images. Today, good facsimile copies are easy to find, and all of the images are online, providing access for modern researchers. Content of the Borgia Codex: Experts who have studied the codex believe it to be a tonalmatl, or almanac of destiny. It is a book of predictions and auguries, used to search for good or bad omens and precedents for a variety of human activities. For example, the codex might be used by priests to predict good and bad times for agricultural activities such as planting or harvesting. It is based around the tonalpohualli, or 260-day religious calendar. It also contains the cycles of the planet Venus, medical prescriptions and information about sacred places and the nine Lords of the Night. Importance of the Borgia Codex: Most of the ancient Mesoamerican books were burned by zealous priests during the colonial era: very few survive today. All of these ancient codices are greatly prized by historians, and the Borgia Codex is particularly valuable because of its content, artwork and the fact that it’s in relatively good shape. The Borgia Codex has allowed modern historians a rare insight into lost Mesoamerican cultures. The Borgia Codex is also greatly valued because of its beautiful artwork. Source: Noguez, Xavier. Cà ³dice Borgia. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Edicià ³n Especial: Cà ³dices prehispnicas y coloniales tempranos. August, 2009.

Deafness Disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Deafness Disability - Essay Example While the mother of great inventor, Alexander Graham Bell was hard of hearing sine her birth, he used his earned funds to develop a school, called Volta Bureau, to teach deaf children. He also pursued actively the occupation of a deaf educator during late 1800s. People have used Different terminologies to define disability related with hearing impairments. For example, ‘deafened’ means the person who has acquired deafness later in life. While, ‘hearing impairment’ is a medical term, ‘hard of hearing’ is a sociological term. ‘Signing deaf’ is a term for deaf people who communicate using sign language.(Terminology, nd) Before describing this disability, it is essential to mention the difference between deafness and hearing impairment. While common sense provides the definition of being deaf as not being able to hear anything, the hearing impairment or hard of hearing means the ability to hear only partially. However, the fact that deaf people carry the residual hearing ability gives a new dimension to this definition. Accordingly, the physiological definition of deafness relates to the level of sound that the particular person is able to hear. This hearing sensitivity is normally described in terms of ‘decibels’ (dB). This level of sensitivity starts with zero as the perfect detection of an average person to hair faintest sound. The numbers above the zero level indicate the degree of hearing impairment. According to physiological intervention, people with hearing impairment of 90dB or above are considered as deaf and people with less than 90db hearing sensitivity level are considered ‘hard of hearing’. However, there is yet another viewpoint that relates the degree of hearing impairment with the impact it may have on speaking and developing a language, particularly in case of children. Accordingly, educators define a person as deaf who is not able to process, through audition, the linguistic information,

Recent Case in ICT area where UK or EU regulators have intervened Essay

Recent Case in ICT area where UK or EU regulators have intervened - Essay Example osal was to replace its existing three free to air channels with a line up of premium channels that would be available using a new specification digital-terrestrial set-top box (Lee, 2007). Ofcom was however reluctant to allow Sky TV the license and regulatory approval it was seeking to achieve the above stated objective and permit a change in its licensing terms. In response to Sky TV’s application for the change in its licensing terms, the UK regulator Ofcom pointed out that if such a license was allowed to Sky TV, it could squeeze out smaller competitors such as Setanta and BT Vision. It offered the view that the granting of such a license would require a much more broad based investigation into the entire pay-TV market, which would also take into account, issues raised by Sky TV in promoting its proposal, as well as other factors in the external environment that could be detrimental to the market in general (Prosser, 2008). The major advantage that Sky has projected in its proposal is the greater choice that consumers would be able to have in their viewing choices, thereby giving rise to a superior quality and level of TV service. The broadcaster was already in a plum position, because it had the first right to broadcast Hollywood movies and most premium sporting events (Lane, 2010). The opposition offered to its proposals to conve rt freeview into paid for TV came from its rivals such as Setanta and Top-up TV, who contended that Sky was already in a dominant position in the market and granting such permission and license to the company would turn it into a monopoly that would inhibit free and fair competition in the marketplace. The investigation and negotiations have continued over a long period of three years and appear to have finally concluded in a compromised solution. i.e, Sky would be required to offer its premium sports channels to other TV stations offering pay-per-view packages, but in return would allow Sky to gain access to some of the